8/5/2023 0 Comments Lions scoreStander PE, Morkel PvdB (1991) Field immobilization of lions using disassociative anaesthetics in combination with sedatives. Slander PE, Albon SD (in press) Hunting success of lions in a semi-acid environment. Stander PE (1992) Foraging dynamics of lions in a semi-arid environment. Stander PE (1991) Demography of lions in the Etosha National Park. Smuts GL, Robinson GA, Whyte IJ (1980) Comparative growth of wild male and female lions ( Panthera leo). Smuts GL, Anderson JL, Austin JC (1978) Age determination of the African lion ( Panthera leo). Siegel S (1956) Nonparametric statistics for the behavioural sciences. Scheel D, Packer C (1991) Group hunting behaviour of lions: a search for cooperation. Packer C, Scheel D, Pusey AE (1990) Why lions form groups: food is not enough. Packer C, Ruttan L (1988) The evolution of cooperative hunting. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 173–186 In: Harvey PH, Slatkin M (eds) Evolution: essays in honour of John Maynard Smith. Packer C, Pusey AE (1985) Asymmetric contests in social mammals: respect, manipulation and age-specific aspects. Packer C, Pusey AE (1982) Cooperation and competition within coalitions of male lions: kin selection or game theory? Nature 296:740–742 Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 429–451 In: Rubenstein DI, Wrangham RW (eds) Ecological aspects of social evolution. Packer C (1986) The ecology of sociality in felids. Orford HJL, Perrin MR, Berry HH (1988) Contraception, reproduction and demography of free-ranging Etosha lions ( Panthera leo). Norris KS, Schilt CR (1988) Cooperative societies in three-dimensional space: on the origins of aggregations, flocks, and schools, with special reference to dolphins and fish. Mills MGL (1990) Kalahari hyaenas: comparative behavioural ecology of two species. Mech LD (1970) The wolf: the ecology and behaviour of an endangered species. ![]() Maynard Smith J (1982) Evolution and the theory of games. Le Roux CJG, Grunow JO, Morris JW, Bredenkamp GJ, Scheepers JC (1988) A classification of the vegetation of the Ethosha National Park. Lamprecht J (1981) The function of social hunting in larger terrestrial carnivores. Z Tierpsychol 27:492–504Įlliot JP, Cowan I McT, Holling CS (1977) Prey capture by the African lion. Afr J Ecol 22:245–270Įaton RL (1970) The predatory sequence with emphasis on killing behavior and its ontogeny, in the cheetah. Am Nat 109:343–352Įast R (1984) Rainfall, soil nutrient status and biomass of large Africa savanna mammals. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 221–248Ĭaraco T, Wolf LL (1975) Ecological determinants of group sizes of foraging lions. In: Sinclair ARE, Norton-Griffiths M (eds) Serengeti: dynamics of an ecosystem. Freedman & Rossi, Cape Town, South Africaīertram BCR (1979) Serengeti predators and their social systems. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MAĪnonymous (1989) Laws of the game of rugby football. J Zool (Lond) 209:447–460Īlcock J (1989) Animal behavior: an evolutionary approach. The role of cooperative hunting and its apparent advantages within the semi-arid environment of Etosha National Park, Namibia, are discussed.Īblon SD, Mitchell B, Huby BJ, Brown D (1986) Fertility in female red deer ( Cervus elaphus): the effects of body composition, age and reproductive status. Individual hunting behaviour was not inflexible, however, but varied according to different group compositions and to variations in the behaviour of other individuals present. Hunts where most lionesses present occupied their preferred positions had a high probability of success. ![]() Each lioness in a given pride repeatedly occupied the same position in a hunting formation. Those lionesses that occupied “wing” stalking roles frequently initiated an attack on the prey, while lionesses in “centre” roles moved relatively small distances and most often captured prey in flight from other lionesses. Group hunts generally involved a formation whereby some lionesses (“wings”) circled prey while others (“centres”) waited for prey to move towards them. ![]() Data from 486 coordinated group hunts were analysed to assess cooperation and individual variation in hunting tactics. Individually identified lions ( Panthera leo) were observed on the open, semi-arid plains in Namibia.
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